The Political Struggles of the Jacksonian Era Essays -

Throughout the period of 1820-1830, Jacksonian Democrats created a vastly popular political party. They were, of course, led by Andrew Jackson, a war hero and a man of the people. Jackson's followers who created the party were also "for the people." Such ideals were shown throughout various times within the period. The democrats were essentially guardians of the United States Constitution and, similarly, were protectors of individual liberties. In addition to this, the Jacksonian Democrats promoted political democracy, and also the equality of economic opportunity. Thus, the Jacksonian Democrats clearly served as protectors of the people, their individual liberties, their Constitution, their economic opportunities and their political democracy. Throughout the 1820's to 1830's, Jacksonian Democrats took large strides in political democracy and individual liberty. The major parties were the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson. The Whig Party, a coalition of National Republicans, an d other opponents of Jackson, led by Henry Clay, along with Daniel Webster Minor parties that operated included the Anti-Masonic Party and the Liberty Party were the other parties fighting for the vote of the American people. The Second Party System reflected and shaped the political, social, economic and cultural atmosphere of the Jacksonian Era. Meanwhile economic modernizers, bankers, businessmen, commercial farmers, many of whom were already National Republicans, and Southern planters angry at Jackson's handling of the Nullification crisis were mobilized into a new anti-Jackson force; they called themselves Whigs. In the northeast, a moral crusade against the highly secretive Masonic order developed into a regular political party, the Anti-Masons, which soon combined with the Whigs. Jackson fought back by aggressive use of federal patronage, by timely alliances with local leaders, and with propaganda that identified the Bank and its agents as the greatest threat to the republica n spirit. Eventually his partisans called themselves "Democrats." The Democrats used speeches and print that alleged the Whig programs that would fatten the rich; the tariff would be for revenue only and did not to grow the manufacturing. Whigs argued that banks and paper money were needed. Public works programs to build roads, canals and railroads would give the country the infrastructure it needed for fast development the Whig Party stated. The Democrats didn?t want a complex change; they wanted more farms for regular people and planters to raise the families in the good old traditional style. More land was needed for that to happen, so they pushed for expansion south and west. Jackson conquered Florida for the US. At this time, the members of the party basically had one overwhelmingly large task on their minds: equal protection and equal benefits to all white male citizens and also, to prevent favoritism towards a specific region or class. Clearly, these ideals reflect what a dem ocrat really is, someone looking for equal rights for all. Of course, in this case, that only applied to white men. This ideal that the democrats always tried to follow was reflected in a variety of different situations throughout the decade. The Jacksonian Democrats were at first strongly against the concept of a spoils system, which gave political positions to people, not solely based on whether they were qualified, but rather, because of their privileged place in society. They believed that a man should always earn their job rightfully. Thus, through this ideal, the democrats provided a more equal political opportunity for all qualified men. The Jacksonian Democrats immediately took action by replacing the aristocrats in the government who enjoyed such a status for no good reason. They set out to form a system which would rotate different people in and out of these jobs. However, the Jacksonians wound up using the spoils system to elect members of their party. By doing this, they had a larger influence in government and could more easily pass laws to help the people. Jackson and his followers were always interested in the rights of the people of the United States. Therefore, when the United States found itself within the Nullification Crisis, Jackson responded immediately and with a just cause. While a threat of rebellion rose in South Carolina, Jackson threatened to send down an army to quash it, before further harm was done. This proves how dangerous nullification could be

The Growing Importance of Monetary Policy in Government

The Growing Importance of Monetary Policy in Government Monetary policy is important in decisions the United States government makes about economic practices and regulations, but equally important are the fiscal policies, which government spending and tax reform are geared toward in stimulating the economy. To understand the importance of monetary policy in the equation, one must first understand what the term means. The Economic Times defines monetary policy as the macroeconomic  policy  laid down by the central bank, which manages interest rates, money supply, and functions as the demand side of economic policy to affect inflation, consumption, growth, and liquidity. There is, however, a limit to the amount monetary policy can affect the economy because it hinges upon interest rates and monetary circulation. Once the interest rate hits zero, theres not much more the Federal Reserve can do in terms of monetary policy to help the economy. Fighting Inflation Versus Fighting Unemployment The  U.S. Department of State  argues that one of the key reasons that monetary policy is favorable during financially successful periods of the American economy is that it affects inflation rates positively but is relatively useless in fighting unemployment.   This is because theres a limit to the amount of monetary manipulation the Federal Reserve can do to the global value, or exchange rate, if the U.S. dollar plummets. Monetary policy primarily affects interest rates through control of the amount of currency in circulation (and other factors), so when the interest rate bottoms out at zero percent, theres nothing else a bank can do. If you take a look back at the Great Depression, over 3,000 banks failed during the 1930s- monetary policy meant very little when the value of the dollar had sunk to its lowest rate in history. Instead, fiscal policy and a series of unpopular yet successful economic policies helped America get back on its feet. Fiscal policy opened up new jobs and increased government spending to right the wrong of the market crash. Basically, the United States- or any governing body- can, in times of need, enact aggressive fiscal policy to combat market stagnation. How Monetary Policy Applies Now Because the United States economy has experienced its highest point in the last decade (the 2010s), monetary policy that cuts taxes and increased government spending in business and job-creation markets, especially under former President Barack Obama, has led to a decrease in the unemployment rate and a rapid increase in the United States GDP. Fiscal and monetary policies go hand in hand in the  federal legislature, where annual budgets dictate government spending in certain economy-stimulating areas as well as the creation of jobs through social welfare initiatives. The Federal Reserve annually dictates interest rates, liquidity, and currency circulation, which in turn also stimulate the market. In truth, without either fiscal or monetary policy in United States federal- and indeed local and state- government, the delicate balance of our economy might slip back into another Great Depression. Regulations, therefore, are important to maintaining a status quo across all states wherein each citizen is guaranteed their rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Educational Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Educational Psychology - Essay Example However, many critics have proved Piaget to be inaccurate about the time in which the student is developmentally ready to conserve and because children develop individually and not just static some students are able to operate at a higher level than others. Further, some students may need concrete materials to manipulate whereas others may be able to solve the problem abstractly.The author of this paper â€Å"Educational Psychology† believes that selecting the appropriate lesson is important to the success of all students but it is critical to the success of students with disabilities. For example, the teacher with students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) may adopt a task analysis approach to the teaching of numbers. In this approach the teacher must during preparation time, systematically and sequentially go through the steps involved in the understanding of the value of eleven. The teacher must itemize each step as this procedure would become a recipe fo r understanding the value of eleven. The teacher would begin the lesson by reviewing previously taught lessons to ensure that students remember the previous concepts and are ready to move forward. Also it would focus their minds to the lesson. Once the teacher is satisfied that students have the required previous knowledge and skill, then the teacher may proceed to distribute concrete examples of the numeral ten. The teacher may then allow students to count the objects up to 10. The next step would be to add one more object and elicit from students.  

What is the role of the British Museum in the history of modern Essay

What is the role of the British Museum in the history of modern sculpture in Britain - Essay Example Its collection of great art and antiquities has been collected from around the globe and is an excellent portrayal of all the continents. This collection documents and illustrates in great detail the story of human culture from the very beginning till the present day, encompassing 2 million years of human history (British Museum, n.d.). The British Museum’s establishment was based on the belief that a collection based on human history should be accessible to the general public for free. Another idea behind the Museum was that the different human cultures can understand each other through mutual engagement regardless of any differences between them. The purpose behind the Museum was to have a place where human cross-cultural investigation could take place (British Museum, n.d.). ... The main topic that Moore worked on included fallen warriors, the mother-and-child and family groups as well as most the reclining human figure (Mark Barrow Fine Art, 2005). After much criticism of his early work, Henry Moore finally received the International Prize for Sculpture which helped his worldwide reputation to increase and grow. Moore also became well known for his sketches which depicted people of London sheltering underground during the Second World War. His sketches of working miners also gained a lot of popularity (Mark Barrow Fine Art, 2005). It was in 1921, when Henry Moore was attending the Royal College of Art in London, that the young artist began visiting the British Museum (Phelan, 2001). In his own words ‘the Museum was a revelation to me. I went at least twice a week for two or three hours and one room or another caught my enthusiasm. The wonderful thing about the British Museum is that everything is stretched out before you and you are free to make your own discoveries’ (Finn, 1981) Moore worked his way through the different many departments of the British Museum. The galleries housing the Antiquities of Africa, Asia, Egypt, Greece, Prehistoric and Roman-Britain, Rome and the Orient were a great favorite of the artist. In the time of Moore, the Ethnographic Galleries which housed the artifacts of Oceania was also located within the British Museum (Phelan, 2001). As an aspirant modernist sculptor, Moore had always been a fan of Roger Fry's ‘Vision and Design,, a collection of essays. This book is considered the most prominent and significant work of art criticism that was written in England

Business Accounting Ratio analysis is one of the many tools that can Essay

Business Accounting Ratio analysis is one of the many tools that can be used to evaluate financial performance of business entities - Essay Example Having produced 137.2 million barrels of oil equivalent for one year as of the fiscal year ended June 30, 2009, BHP is not surprising selling its crude oil production to refiners worldwide at market prices (Reuters.com, 2010a). The following ratios are needed for purposes of evaluating BHP: Gross Profit/Profitability ratio, Return on Capital Employed. Gearing Ratio, Liquidity ratio/acid test ration and Price earnings ratio. Each is computed and explained below using data from The Annual Report of BHP for 2009 (BHP, 2010) and London Stock Exchange (2010). Return on equity (ROE) is computed by dividing Net income to Total Equity, Return on Sales or Net Profit Margin is computed by dividing Net income to Total Revenues, while Gross Profit ratio is from dividing gross profit with Total Revenues. The data used to compute the ratios are found in Appendix A. This also measures the company’s profitability and efficiency of the company for the past two years. The formula is to Earnings before tax (EBIT) as numerator and to have Capital Employed, which is equivalent to Total Assets less Current liabilities as denominator. Below is the resulting ratio. The data used to compute the ratios are found in Appendix A. This also measures the company’s financial leverage for the past two years by dividing Total liabilities to Total equity. Below is the resulting ratio. The data used to compute the ratios are found in Appendix A. This measures the company’s capacity to pay its maturing obligations for the current year. This current ratio is computed by dividing Current assets to Current liabilities while Acid test ration is by dividing Quick assets to Current liabilities. Quick assets equals current assets less inventory, prepaid expenses and other current assets. Below are the resulting ratios. The data used to compute the ratios are found in Appendix A This measures the

Family Health Assessment Case Study

Family Health Assessment Case Study Rubina Malik Family health assessment is important to learn about the individual’s family and life style. Being a nurse it is important for me to know various dynamics of individual’s behavior and values and his family heritage to form a better care plan for the family to maintain better health. Family health assessment gives caregivers a clear picture of an individual’s measures for his family wellbeing. The tool used for the family health assessment is Gordon’s Health Pattern Assessment. The health patterns assessment was designed by Marjory Gordon in 1987 and is used to provide a comprehensive nursing database. In this paper 11 aspects of human functions and health are discussed. The family selected for the interview is Riyami family, an African American family. The family consists of 5 members, Mr. Mrs. Riyami and their 3 sons. Mr. Riyami is 63 years old and is suffering with hypertension; Mrs. Riyami is 55 years old and is diabetic. Their sons do not have any hea lth issues and are of age 25, 20 and 19 years respectively. Questions were asked from the family to know the impact of each health pattern on their way of living a healthier life. Health perception and health management is based on individual’s personal health beliefs for health maintenance and protection (Koshar). Health is not only the absence of any sickness but it is more of a mental, physical and social wellbeing. The health perception of Riyami family is based on eating healthy as they believe that only physical fit body can stay safe from minor and major health issues. As Mr. Mrs. Riyami take their medication regularly and are very conscious about their health. They follow their health heritage norms to cure any minor illness i.e. use of herbal treatment and home remedies. Every person in their family takes herbal treatment for any common illness for example flu, headache, stomach gastric issues etc. they prefer visiting the physician for routine checkups and in case of any serious emergency. Their elder son drinks alcohol and smoke cigarette in social gatherings. They perform their religious obligations with full devotion. Nutrition and metabolism assessment mainly focus on the nutrition consumption according to the metabolic requirements of the body (Koshar). Nutrition consumption is very well balanced among the family members and intake of fluids to keep body hydrated is considered important for the family members. They consumption of fruits and vegetables is higher and prefer taking small quantity of sugar, sodium and carbohydrates in their diet. Herbal tea is taken in routine by the family. The family makes sure to take an appropriate amount of calories and also try to eat their traditional cuisine and less fast food items. Sleep and rest patterns are assessed to know the relaxation and rest practice of the individuals (Koshar). Mr. Riyami works in the morning shift and tries to be in bed around 10pm. As Mrs. Riyami is a registered nurse and works night shift, she takes adequate sleep in the day time and prefers to take more rest on her days off from work. Their sons prefer taking nap after they get back home from school and prefer not staying up late during their school. Whereas the elder one prefers sleeping early as he is a full time worker and has to work morning shift. Every member in their family takes approximate sleep according to their routine. Elimination is stated as the excretory pattern (Koshar). From the assessment no one in family seems to have issue with their excretory pattern. The family does not have any complain regarding their bowl movement or urination. Activity and Exercise is referred to the daily activities that involve energy, activities related to self-care, leisure activities and exercise/workouts (Koshar). Mr. Riyami was a soccer player and a soccer couch but he stopped practicing sports from 20 years, now he enjoys watching soccer game in his leisure time. Mrs. Riyami due to her busy schedule is not involved in any activity or exercise but she know the importance of having these activities to remain healthy. Mr. Mrs. Riyami go for a walk of 30-45 minutes daily. Their sons play soccer and believe that it gives them a good workout and fun altogether. Cognitive and sensory assessment is to assess the individual’s ability to understand and response towards any information and to sense that information appropriately. This assessment is done to know about the cognitive ability and capacity of the individuals (Koshar). Mr. and Mrs. Riyami are well educated; Mrs. Riyami just completed her RN-BSN degree with good grades and hence finds no problem in assessing or responding to any information. No cognitive disability was found in their family. Self-perception assessment focuses on person’s behavior and attitude toward self, which includes confidence, their identity and their physique (Koshar). The Riyami family does not have or face any issues regarding self esteem. They are happy and content with their lifestyle and believe that they are blessed by God and are loved by everyone around. Mr. Mrs. Riyami give the same teaching to their children and pray for them to be confident enough and not face any issue of self-worth. Role and Relationship pattern assess the individual’s relationship with others and the role they play in this world. Riyami family has a strong faith and family bond (Koshar). Mr. Mrs. Riyami share all the love and care and teach the same to their children. Mr. and Mrs. Riyami like to meet people and enjoy the company of their family and friends. They have a respectable status among their loved ones. Sexuality pattern assessment focuses on individual’s level of satisfaction of dissatisfaction of their sexuality and reproduction patterns (Koshar). Mr. Mrs. Riyami are satisfied with their sexual life. They share intimate moments and believe that love is what had made their relationship bond strong. They make sure they spend enough time together out of their busy routine. Coping and stress tolerance assessment is done to know individual’s strength to cope up with the stress and strategies used by him/her to overcome that stress (Koshar). Mr. Mrs. Riyami believe that all happiness and sorrow , worry and stress comes in life and to overcome that situation they only support and strength is given to an individual by the God. They share and communicate with one another in case any problem occurs and try to overcome the situation by mutual understanding and corporation. They pray to God at times of crisis and happiness. Their family, friends and prayers are part of their support system. The two nursing wellness diagnosis assessed from interviewing Riyami family are; nutritional-metabolic pattern and coping-stress tolerance pattern. Mr. Mrs. Riyami take their medications in time but sometimes due to work load and stress they skip their meal or do not take enough food as the body requirement. In case of Mrs. Riyami specially as she is diabetic and has to keep check on food and nutrition while she is at work, it becomes a difficult part for her. Mr. Riyami being hypertensive have to make sure that he avoid take any stress but often work load or any uncertain happening give him stress that makes him feel low. Their kids being young and enthusiastic do not have any health issue but they often become ignorant about their nutrition which is a point of worry for their parents as they don’t want their kids to face health issues like hypertension diabetes or any related medical problem. The Gordon’s health pattern assessment had been a great help for me while assessing the family. It truly is a great tool for nurses to analyze and assess their clients and families. I was able to learn about the family from different health perspectives which gave me a good experience of assessing different health patterns and their impact on a family’s health and functions. Reference Koshar, J. (n.d.). Gordons Functional Health Patterns. Retrieved from http://www.sonoma.edu/users/k/koshar/n340/N345_Gordon_FHP.html

Comparing Stanley Kowalski in Williams A Streetcar and Iago of Shakespeares Othello :: comparison compare contrast essays

Iago and Stanley of Othello and A Street Car Named Desire In these two pieces of literature, both Iago and Stanley plan a tragic scheme to draw the main characters, Othello and Blanche to their "downfall". Iago is absolutely inhuman being while Stanley showed his little conscience. They are both the master and are brilliant. Nevertheless Iago seem to be much smarter than Stanley in comparison. Iago and Stanley plan a tragic scheme to draw Othello and Blanche to their downfall because Othello promotes Cassio to lieutenancy, a position that he wants and it causes him to plan a tragic plan. Othello has supposed affair to Emilia who is Iago's wife. Thus, Iago constructs a plan to revenge. Stanley hates Blanche because she destroys the good relationship between him and his wife, Stella. He thinks that she has sold the Belle Reve which he thinks it's a part of partly him, but she does not give him any money. The most important one, he "assumes" that Blanche describes him as "common" and bestial. Thus, he plots a plan to revenge. In all, both Iago and Stanley start tragic plan their hatred. Iago is absolutely inhuman while Stanley has little consciences in his heart. In order to achieve the target, Iago does everything that will benefit himself even killing others. He kills Roderigo who helps him a lot in his plan. He persuades Othello to kill his Desdemona. Furthermore he kills his wife at the end. Stanley has not yet totally lost his humanity. Although he has raped Blanche, he does not kill her or other people. Moreover, at the end of the play he settles her into an asylum, but he does not just forsakes her. This reveals that someone will look after her in the future, and she will not be living alone. In short, Stanley still has little emotions of love in her heart, but Iago is absolutely inhuman, these two villains have a different level at different period. As the villains in their plays, Iago and Stanley are both brilliant, but Iago's tragic plan is almost perfect. He is able to use other character's "flaw" in his well-constructed plan. The smartest thing he does is that able to hide his identify from others. He appears to be "noble" to others, but in fact, he is evil "under worth". Thus, he can gain other character’s trust.

Nintendo market analysis

1.   Who is the market?Nintendo is a gaming company. The company’s gaming is almost entirely concentrated on electronic games and interactive entertainment. Its main products are video games, handheld games and console games (Nintendo Corporate)2. Who is the target market?The target market of gaming companies are people in the age group of 5-34 years. However, the growth in this industry is occurring in the demographic of 18-34 years (Rye)3.   Who is the served market?The primary target market which Nintendo serves is to the 5-17 year old gamers. However, choice for buying such games lie with their parents, Nintendo also has an indirect target in them (Rye)4. What is the size of the target market?Currently the Video game market is $19 billion dollars, with about $8.4 billion dollar market in US, and $9.8 billion dollar market in the Asia Pacific region (Kolodny 2006)5. How fast is the market growing (%/yr)?PricewaterhouseCoopers predicts that by 2010 the video game market should grow to $46.5 billion. This means an average compount annual growth rate of 11.4%. The US market is likely to grow at the rate of 8.8%, to hit $13 billion in 2010, and the Asia Pacific market is likely to grow at the rate of 12.3% to hit $17.4 billion by 2010 (Kolodny 2006)6.   How far the market is penetrated (%)?Nintendo of America has achieved remarkable market penetration. It's estimated that 40 percent of American households own a Nintendo game system (Brown 2007). Worldwide Nintendo’s market share is 21.2% (Shim 2005)7. What are customers` current needs?Currently the video game customers need games which are aimed at adults rather than kids. The game market for kids, has reached its saturation, and the need of the hour is building games aimed for older people (Borow 2003)8.   What are customers` future needs?In future, with the wider spread in online and wireless games, customers need to have video games which will be less expensive and portable. They would a lso need to have these systems easily run in a network, which is the prime reason for the rage of PC games (Jackson)9.   What are current distribution channels?Nintendo’s products can be either brought off the shelf from various game shops; currently there are many games which could be played online too. In addition, Nintendo also plans to go in for digital distribution with the Wii and Virtual console distribution channels (Nintendo Corporate)10. How price-sensitive are customers?Nintendo was earlier known for price fixing, when the customers were more interested in the product than the price. The advents of wireless and online games have reversed the trend, where the customer goes for buying the least expensive of the products, if the quality is good (Molnar 2007)11.   What is the current pricing strategy?The current pricing strategy of Nintendo is by continuing their investment with the GameCube. This has allowed them to keep hardware development and manufacturing cost s down. This has made theme only current generation console that has profited from the hardware at the time of launch (Molnar 2007)12. What are some market/customer trends?Despite the great figures of growth etc, the market share for the console markets will be decrease with respect to the entire gaming market. This is due to the shifting of customer interests from console games to online and wireless games, which are seeing an explosive growth rate (Kolodny 2006).ReferencesBorow J, â€Å"Why Nintendo won’t grow up†, January 2003,https://www.wired.com/2003/01/nintendo-4/Brown R, â€Å"Achieving a fast Return on investment†, 2007http://www.hytrol.com/web/casestudy.cfm?id=35Jackson, â€Å"Where you should compete†,http://www.lek.com/UserFiles/File/Jackson_ch01.pdfKolodny L, â€Å"Global Video game market set to explode†, 23rd June 2006, Nintendo Market Analysis Who is the market? Nintendo is a gaming company. The company’s gaming is almost entirely concentrated on electronic games and interactive entertainment. Its main products are video games, handheld games and console games (Nintendo Corporate)Who is the target market? The target market of gaming companies are people in the age group of 5-34 years. However, the growth in this industry is occurring in the demographic of 18-34 years (Rye)Who is the served market? The primary target market which Nintendo serves is to the 5-17 year old gamers. However, choice for buying such games lie with their parents, Nintendo also has an indirect target in them (Rye)What is the size of the target market? Currently the Video game market is $19 billion dollars, with about $8.4 billion dollar market in US, and $9.8 billion dollar market in the Asia Pacific region (Kolodny 2006)How fast is the market growing (%/yr)? PricewaterhouseCoopers predicts that by 2010 the video game market should grow to $46 .5 billion. This means an average compount annual growth rate of 11.4%. The US market is likely to grow at the rate of 8.8%, to hit $13 billion in 2010, and the Asia Pacific market is likely to grow at the rate of 12.3% to hit $17.4 billion by 2010 (Kolodny 2006)How far the market is penetrated (%)? Nintendo of America has achieved remarkable market penetration. It's estimated that 40 percent of American households own a Nintendo game system (Brown 2007). Worldwide Nintendo’s market share is 21.2% (Shim 2005)What are customers` current needs? Currently the video game customers need games which are aimed at adults rather than kids. The game market for kids, has reached its saturation, and the need of the hour is building games aimed for older people (Borow 2003)What are customers` future needs? In future, with the wider spread in online and wireless games, customers need to have video games which will be less expensive and portable. They would also need to have these systems e asily run in a network, which is the prime reason for the rage of PC games (Jackson)What are current distribution channels? Nintendo’s products can be either brought off the shelf from various game shops; currently there are many games which could be played online too. In addition, Nintendo also plans to go in for digital distribution with the Wii and Virtual console distribution channels (Nintendo Corporate)How price-sensitive are customers? Nintendo was earlier known for price fixing, when the customers were more interested in the product than the price. The advents of wireless and online games have reversed the trend, where the customer goes for buying the least expensive of the products, if the quality is good (Molnar 2007)What is the current pricing strategy? The current pricing strategy of Nintendo is by continuing their investment with the GameCube. This has allowed them to keep hardware development and manufacturing costs down. This has made theme only current generat ion console that has profited from the hardware at the time of launch (Molnar 2007)What are some market/customer trends? Despite the great figures of growth etc, the market share for the console markets will be decrease with respect to the entire gaming market. This is due to the shifting of customer interests from console games to online and wireless games, which are seeing an explosive growth rate (Kolodny 2006).ReferencesBorow J, â€Å"Why Nintendo won’t grow up†, January 2003,http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.01/nintendo.htmlBrown R, â€Å"Achieving a fast Return on investment†, 2007http://www.hytrol.com/casestudy.cfm?id=35Jackson, â€Å"Where you should compete†,http://www.lek.com/UserFiles/File/Jackson_ch01.pdfKolodny L, â€Å"Global Video game market set to explode†, 23rd June 2006,http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/jun2006/id20060623_163211.htmMolnar J, â€Å"The Wii Played an impressive opening†, 22nd March 2007,http:/ /blogs.spouting-tech.com/thepensivegamer/2007/03/the_nintendo_wi.htmlâ€Å"Nintendo Corporate†, http://www.nintendo.com/corp/Rye C, â€Å"Market Research: Nintendo DS – Marketing strategy†http://court.ryefamily.net/files/Nintendo-DS-Marketing.docShim R, â€Å"Next-gen Consoles take front stage†, 12th May 2005,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.zdnetindia.com/news/features/stories/121828.html

Irans Influence on the Balance of Power in the Middle East

Irans Influence on the Balance of Power in the Middle East Introduction The security of the Persian-Gulf region that is often influenced by the balance of power has been a problem to the security and stability of the region. The balance of power is based on the â€Å"zero-sum† basis game as well as the emergence of the rival actors in the region1.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Iran’s Influence on the Balance of Power in the Middle East specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This kind of system has resulted to wars in the region, tension, distrust, crises, and wars. With new developments in the region in terms of the political security especially in Iraq after the fall Saddam Hussein, the issue of the balance of power and the controller of the region has been a major problem. Iran and the US have been the major actors controlling the balance of power in the region. The issue of security in the region and maintaining stability in the region has been the caus e of Iran’s intention to influence the balance of power in the region. The role played by Iran in the region is often as a result of US strategy in the region. In the international zone at the moment, countries such as the United States and Russia are making attempts to reduce the production of nuclear weapons in the world, because Iran’s influence is due to its capability to produce nuclear weapons that has been a cause of concern not only to the Middle East but also the world. Iran’s nuclear weapon program has changed the balance of power in the Middle East region and with time it is likely to affect other country’s national security in the world. However, with the United States involved in other wars in the region, Iran’s balance of power influence is likely to continue through production of nuclear weapons that would further â€Å"complicate† an already volatile region2. This paper will look at the likely scenarios in the future in respe ct to Iran’s power influence in the Middle East through LAMP analysis that shall come up with future predictions based on the research questions that are â€Å"outlined† below3. This paper is not however intended to look at whether Iran is likely to continue with its nuclear power production. However, it will consider the reactions of the main actors such as the US, Israel and Egypt in relation to Iran’s balance of power influence.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Purpose of Study This paper aims to address the issue on Irans influence in the Middle East in the wake of the Arab unrest. It further discusses why Iran wanted to dominate the Middle East and its selfish ambitions and to the benefit of the region. Assumptions of the Study Some of the assumptions included: All the people involved in answering the questions would read prope rly and they were not medically unfit to prevent them from understanding the questions. Research Questions This paper aims at answering the question on why Iran has influenced the balance of power in the Middle East. It is important to know that the Iranian â€Å"subversion† has been the most feared attacks in the Middle East4. The ant-American activities led by Iran are of most concern to these states as they seek lasting peace in the region. Another question that this paper aim to answer is the potential reactions by countries such as Israel, the US, and Egypt to Irans â€Å"attainment† of nuclear power weapons5. Literature Review Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the country has a long withstanding history and the current debates that have dominated most books and the media with regard to Iran’s balance of power influence in the Middle East. Nevertheless, Iran’s history is much â€Å"complicated† disregard the recent developments and her inf luence in the region. Much of its history, shows that the country has been a key player in the region’s strategic policies and its location has given the country an added advantage in â€Å"bridging the gap† between the East Asian countries and the Middle Eastern region6. Iran had become a major trading centre for both the Eastern and the Western countries by 1935, even though this caused conflicts with other countries, Iran remained independent in its affairs at this time. However, during the period of 1700’s Turkey started to cover some sections of Persia as Iran was formerly known while Britain too came later and started to influence her power in Iran?Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Iran’s Influence on the Balance of Power in the Middle East specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Britain had managed to control Iran’s affairs however this was for a short time since by late 19 60’s Iran had changed socially, culturally and politically with the help of the outside countries. However, Iran managed to control the Middle East with the emergence of the new Emperor after the World War I. During the reign of Rezah Shah Iran changed militarily becoming a major force in the Middle East. Iran never managed to become a republic because of strong opposition from the religious leaders. With this opposition, however, developments and changes in areas such as the reformation of the judicial system, building of infrastructure like the trans-Iranian Railway, and improving the education system7. Whichever way the opposition from religious leaders would change the course of Iran’s emergence in becoming a major force in the Middle East and becoming a republican that would change the religious doctrines to approach life in a more secular way. The continued trend to modernize Iran, and the diplomatic and economic relationship with the other Middle East countries continued with future leaders who arose to power. After 1980, the nuclear weapon production issue by Iran started to become a major problem in the international community, this resulted poor relations between Iran and the Western countries, and this poor relations hold up until now. It is believed that energy, security and competition for the resources in the region are some of the main reasons for Iran’s major force in the region. The Middle East countries can therefore allow Iran to take control of most of the region’s affairs and avoid competition from the other countries of the world. This is well taken by countries such as the US who have adopted the same strategies of â€Å"containment† and implementation in the region8. Theoretical Framework Most of the information found in literature gives the required information on the historical ties and tensions between the various Middle East counties and how such relationships are likely to affect the balance of po wer in the region. This research is to show how Iran’s nuclear power program has affected the balance of power in the region.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, other research show that the wars and tensions in the region are as a result of power struggles in the region and the control of energy resources.. Clearly, Iran depends on the energy resources to implement the nuclear program and as leverage over those who are against their nuclear program. Past research do not look in depth at the various reactions to Iran’s balance of power influence in the region. Hypothesis The major hypothesis in this study is that the actions of other world states and those in the Middle East will heavily depend on the US stand with regard to Iran’s power influence in the Middle East. This is because the US is the superpower and thus likely to influence other countries in their decisions. This implies that the major actors such as Israel and Egypt will look at the US as a diplomatic, economic and military guide to base their reactions on in regard to Iran’s activities9. Research Design and Methods It can be said that there is no region in the world affected by conflicts more than the Middle East. This problem in the region is further complicated by Irans nuclear weapon possession and how its neighbors are likely to perceive this if Iran is to be confirmed as the ninth nuclear state. This research paper relies on predictions on this kind of reactions by these countries towards Irans balance of power influence and this method is the â€Å"Lockwood Analytical Method for Prediction†- LAMP method. However, current debates are concerned about stopping Iran from producing nuclear weapons; however other research papers have not looked in depth about the research questions10. However, my research through LAMP method of analysis will account for other things that are â€Å"overlooked† in Irans influence on the balance of power in the region that would give a decision maker the chance to make a more accurate assessment of the situation in the region11. The use of LAMP method for predicting the actions of the different states relative to Irans power influence in the region shall minimize biases, analytic â€Å"fallacies† and enable this research to accomplish its purpose that is debated in most of the scholarly books. None of the research books and other journals obtained in this topic used systematic analytic techniques such as LAMP, Delphi method, or the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). This method gives a more accurate prediction of events. Limitations of the research methods and Analysis The LAMP method does not often look on the alternatives of the future events that make the predictions by this method one-sided. Therefore this method is likely to make this research method loom as if it is not in depth however the results presented show the real picture of the situation in the Middle East. Findings From this research, clearly Iran has a great influence in the Middle East countries. It uses strategies such as diplomatic power, information, military, and economic factors as â€Å"levers† to exert their influence in the Middle East countries12. However, it was discovered that not all the elements used by Iran to exert her influence in the Middle East countries are a negative13. Clearly, the methods used by Iran to influence her balance of power in these countries are â€Å"two-faced†14. One of the methods is the decision by the Iranian government to offer moral support to these countries while targeting their influence in the governments of these countries, and encouraging free elections for the Middle East countries although â€Å"manipulating† the election results in favor of their mission15. However, Irans diplomatic and political influence is the most outstanding. This research shows that Iran gives 85 percent support to the Middle East countrys parties and the politicians. The government of Iran develops political relationships with the Middle East political parties with an aim of providing them financial support. Irans supp ort for these political parties especially in Iraq helps the U.S. and Iraqs â€Å"efforts† of building democracy in the country16. However, the intention of Iran is to ensure that the political parties that rule such countries as Iraq are those that are friendly to the Iranian government. The information, economic and military influence by Iran over the Middle East countries is in line with the countrys mission of dominating the region in terms of her political influence. Irans economic influence has helped to stabilize trade in the region, promote transportation and economic development. However, 80 percent of these agreements are in favor of Iran and the country benefits more in the trade agreements because of the prices of commodities. The findings show that Iran has the power over the prices of goods and services and the goods involved in trade are cheaper in Iran than in the other Middle East countries. These differences in price make it difficult for goods and services of the other Middle East countries to compete with those of Iran. Irans efforts to increase her influence in the Middle East Countries have enabled it to increase her competition with the US. Clearly after the Invasion of Israel in Lebanon in 1982, and after the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war, the US has struggled to be in line with Irans influence in the region. The Islamic Republic has come up with strong relations with Syria and other non-state in the region. Iran however, has been active in her military influence especially in exploiting the Arab- Israel that has made it impossible for peace in the Arab-Israel countries. Nevertheless, the US has to deal with the Arab â€Å"hostility† to realize her strategic relations with Israel17. However, both Iran and the US face difficulties in dealing with Egypt, Syria, and other Arab countries. Iran and the US have both been competing in the influence of power in the Middle East. The US wants to bring stability in the region and reforma tions in democracy that has been affected as a result of the oil in the region. However, Iran wants to â€Å"spread† its religion of Islam and therefore her ideologies in Islam are the main concern for Iran18. Iran moreover, wants to promote â€Å"Shia† in the region and provide assistance for the terrorist hit countries19. The competition for control of the Middle East has been for long between the US and Iran. The research showed that USs main intention after taking Saddam Hussein from power was to dominate the region, remove the â€Å"counterinsurgency† groups and liberate the countries of the region. However, Iran supports some of the insurgent groups but the intention of Iran is to support the region in building the economy, and infrastructure. Changes in the Middle East regarding the uprisings and other political changes have affected the US policy in the region. Most of the years, the US policies have endured the region but the rise of the â€Å"Arab Spr ing† would change such activities by US in the region. The US policy in the region is shifting with such unrests in the region20. This research shows that even before the start of these changes, there was a problem in balancing the priorities in the Middle East. The priority of establishing stability in the region and that of ensuring that the US is protected through dealing with the terrorists and â€Å"counter-proliferation† enabled the rise of Iran as an influencing power in the Middle East that ensured that the US would not invade the Middle East region with the intention of bringing democracy and protecting human rights while it had her own selfish intentions21. Many believe that such cooperation of the Middle East countries was against the US military invasion in the region. However, the provision of assistance in terms of military by the US to its allies in the region to control â€Å"interstate† conflicts was seen further as a problem with the US allies i n the region, and the relationship of the regions countries with each other. For example, both Israel and Saudi Arabia might see the US as a friend to them while taking Iran as a major threat in the region. The region has long been characterized as by wars and interstate conflicts22. The Arab unrest has resulted in several changes in the region. The US policies are becoming a problem with Irans influence in the region and as a result of the unrest, and conflicts in the Middle East. There have been changes in the region such as: Public Opinions Power The public have done away with dictators in the region during the general elections and refuted the claim that the outside countries understand the Arab world better than them and they can help in dealing with the tensions in the region. The assumption that the US can now deal with the elite group in the region in the wake of such conflicts in the region has changed. However, it is not clear from this research the types of governments th at would be formed in those states that still undergoing changes as a result of the wars. The governments are not considering the public opinion and the groups that are seeking to bring changes in these countries. Even though the Arab uprisings do not believe that their main aim is the US policies in the region, writers believe that most of the Arab world citizens argue that their leaders have looked on their interests in favor of the US and other outside powers to get military assistance, and benefit in terms of trade. Their need to be more research to know how the upcoming leaders are dealing with the external policies more so regarding the Arab-Israel peace process. Islamist Support and Success This research found out that most of the public believe that the incorporation of Islam leaders in government may be the way forward for the regions long standing unrests. They believe that such religious leaders may help in seeing sympathy with the previously targeted people for â€Å"re pression†, there would be little competition from other parties, and a belief that the Islam parties are less corrupt because of their religion. Strategic Implications Clearly the US previously relied on her friends in the Arab region in doing away with forces such as Al Qaeda, Hama, Hezbollah, and other Islamic terrorist groups and the Iran and Syrian government during the cold war. However, the emergency of Iran in the region has affected US policy in the region and therefore the US does not have any influence in the region any longer. The Al-Qaeda groups have â€Å"embraced† the issue of change as the only important factor to do away with the opposition in the Middle East and to the corrupt governments23. The Arab unrest has resulted in the emergency of Iran as the â€Å"winners† as most of the US allies came under threat from the regions countries. He continues to assert that Irans influence is still growing as there is still a problem with the violence in Sy ria. This situation prompted Iran to protect her â€Å"regime† against such uprising24. The Hamas have put themselves away from the Syrian government while the Hezbollah supported it. This forced Iran to come up with ways to protect itself as the war in Syria would have had many consequences on Iran for its allies in Lebanon and Palestine. Israels Concerns and Peace Negotiations The government of Israel believed that the Arab unrest was a threat to Israels security as it would replace the allies of the country with Islamist governments that would be a problem to Israel. Therefore Irans influence in the region would be a more threat to Israel. Analysis The Iranian nuclear weapon program has been the issue in most of the world state over the security concern. However, most of the published reports in journals, and books look at Irans influence on the balance of power in the region rather than looking at the reactions of the various countries of the region such as Israel, and Eg ypt. Therefore this predictive study looks at Israel, Egypt, and the US while looking at Irans influence of power in the region. These three countries were selected in this research because each of them brings a specific point regarding the research questions. These three countries show the availability of enemies to Iran for example Israel, Egypt being a regional rival, and the US being the worlds superpower that is looking at Iran with some degree of â€Å"suspicion† and â€Å"anxiety†25. Each of the three countries has different perspectives regarding the research questions. The current debates and the content of books as researched do not put much emphasis on the reactions of the different countries to Irans balance of power influence in the region. However, history gives a more approach to the relationship between the US and Iran, Israel and Iran, or Egypt and Iran but not much information on the reactions of the three countries to Irans power influence in the reg ion. Most of the scholarly books tend to concentrate on the possibility actions of Egypt before Iran becomes a nuclear power threat, and what methods it will use as preventive measures against such nuclear weapons. However, most literature books and journals show that Iran would become a nuclear power and influence the decisions in the Middle East with time and this situation would be more complicated based on the reactions of the three countries and those of the Middle East regarding Irans influence in the region. The weakness of the present books and journals however do not accept the possibility of a major fall out in the world and security threat should Iran continue with her nuclear production. There are various reactions from the three countries relative to Irans influence of power in the region and the course of action has been influenced by the US and the relationship of the given country among the various Middle East countries. Through the LAMP method of analysis, Israel is likely to continue with its â€Å"status quo† to have its own nuclear weapons while depending on the US to put more pressure on Irans â€Å"diplomatic and economic† situations. Irans balance of power influence is likely to force countries such as Israel to declare them as nuclear weapon producers and pursue an â€Å"open deterrence† (Friedman 2011)26. This is likely to be as a blocking stone to Irans balance of power influence. Discussions Iran was one of the most powerful states both militarily and technologically when it was a Western ally country. However, much of its powers dropped drastically after the withdrawal of the Western advisor and the imposition of arms â€Å"embargo† by the US27. This made the country lose the Iran-Iraq war and its forces were weak, and Iran was unable to recover militarily after the war. Her influence in the Middle East is a strategy to gain her lost powers in the region and the country is looking for strategies to make n uclear weapons and this has enabled it to build one of the strongest forces in the Gulf. He further believes that Iran uses the membership of OPEC and energy resources as a source of â€Å"leverage† to influence its powers in the region28. Security of the Middle East countries has been deteriorating and therefore the influence of Iran in the region has a major role to play. â€Å"Insurgent† military in countries such as Iraq has been a threat to the development of that country. The activities of this militia have caused instability and violence in Iraq in the past. Even though the rise of Irans influence in the Middle East countries has worked in the reduction of such forces in Iraq, they still have the powers to cause insecurity in the country and â€Å"destabilize† Iraq29. The violence caused by this insurgent militia in Iraq had cause civil war in Iraq in 2006. Therefore, the influence of Iran on Iraq is to build good working relations with an intention of pr omoting good security in Iraq. This is the interest of Iran in the pursuit of her influence in the region. However, the Persian-Arabs cultural differences have been a problem to Irans mission of its influence. The influence of Iran on Iraq limitations as the more country becomes stable economically, the less it is likely that the country will have power influence in Iraq. Iran is an uncertain country in her decision making that makes it difficult to know the true objectives of her influence in the region. Moreover, it important to believe that Iran has her own intentions regarding its policies towards her balance of power influence in the region. A few writers may support the view that Irans regime in the region may â€Å"cling towards one principle objective†30. However, this research proofed that Irans goals for the balance of power influence in the region can be represented in a hierarchy form in the order of highest to lowest. According to Franssen 2010, if Iran achieves her goals ranked as the highest priority then it will focus its attention on achieving the next highest set of priorities. This has greatly contributed to the shift of power in the Middle East especially seeing Iran increase her dominance in the region. However, Irans influence in the region is affected by U.S. policy towards the region and some changes in Iran policy itself. The behavior of Iran and its influence in the Middle East has been eased by the possibility of the US using the attack on Iraq to invade Iran. I believed that the main intention for the US attack on Iraq was to get into Iran. Nevertheless, the fear of the emergence of strong and unified forces against Iran in the region would arise in effect to Saddams fall from power. This would act to destabilize Iran and the rise of civil wars in the region would be harmful for Iran. Therefore taking control over the region, would act as a defense mechanism and the fear drove this factor. Answering the Research Questions Why Iran has influenced the Balance of Power in the Middle East Iran has used several strategies to effect her power influence in the Middle East. The use of diplomacy and political engagement especially in Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein is worth noticing. This influence in Iraq was based on several factors. The involvement in the political and economic relations of Iraq was to ensure that Shiite dominated the Iraq power. This is because Iran wanted her Islamic religion to continue being in power as evidenced by their support of the Shiite whom shared the same religious background. Research shows that 60percent of Iraqs population consists of the Shiite. This group was oppressed during Saddams reign. Through this influence Iran would benefit through their military cooperation, energy and transportation sectors. During the Gulf war, most of the US soldiers did not help the Iraq Shia group, who wanted to overthrow Saddams government. The Iranian influences through the media has he lped to broadcast messages about the intention of the U.S. Government in the Middle East and helping to control US entry into the region. Reactions of major Actors The reactions of the major actors such as Israel, and Egypt to Iran’s influence in the Middle East are based on the influence of the US which is the world’s superpower. Conclusion The emergence of the Islamist activities and political parties in several countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya have raised a lot of concern about the power of the US state in partnership with the Islam-influenced governments. Protests in the Middle East have been driven by â€Å"legitimate grievances†31. The LAMP method of analysis enables the policy makers and the researcher to have a look on the possibility of any security threat in the world soon. By looking at the various reactions of Israel, Egypt and the US relative to Irans balance of power influence in the region, the method gives a clear picture of the Middle East situation. This research nevertheless adds to the already hot debates surrounding the Middle East in an analytical manner. This research, hopes that future research on this topic shall expound, remove some assumptions that are present in the scholarly articles and journals, and give an update on the latest developments regarding Irans influence in the Middle East. The situation of Iran is a security threat not only to the Middle East countries but also to the world. It is time for the world to find a solution to Irans nuclear balance of power influence. However, the influence of balance of power by Iran remains the US top foreign policy priority and among the G-20 states. This situation is likely to get worse should no action be taken in the most efficient manner. Bibliography Boucek, Christopher and Karim Sadjadpour. Rivals- Iran vs. Saudi Arabia. Sada, (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2011, p. 66-124). Link: http: Edelman, Eric et al. The dangers of a nuclear Iran: The limit s of containment. Foreign Affairs (Chicago: University of Chicago), 66-81. Etzioni Amitai. â€Å"Shifting Sands.† The Journal of International Security Affairs. (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2011) Web. Fransen, Herman. ABU DHABI-Abu Dhabi: oil and beyond. The Middle East Journal 63, 4 (2009): 668-669. Friedman, George. â€Å"Syria, Iran and the Balance of Power in the Middle East.† Real Clear World, (2011) Web. Garrison, Jean and Ahad Abdurahmonov. â€Å"Explaining the Central Asian energy game: Complex interdependence and how small states influence their big neighbors.† Asian Perspective 35 (July-September 2011): 381-405. Kvale, Steinar. Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks California: Sage Publications (1996). Malley, Robert and Harling, Peter. Beyond moderates and militants. Foreign Affairs 89, 5 (2010): 18-29. Maloney, Suzanne. 2011. â€Å"Iran.† In The Arab Awakening: America and the Transformation of the Middle East, ed. Kenneth M Pollack, 258-267. New York: Brookings Institution Press. Muller, Philipp. 2011. â€Å"Driving Forces behind Alliance Building in the Middle East.† BIPS 01: 1-14. Nasri, Vali and Takeyh, Ray. The Costs of Containing Iran; Washingtons Misguided New Middle East Policy. Foreign Affairs 87, 1 (2008): 85-94. Oktav, Zeynep. The gulf states and Iran: a Turkish perspective. Middle East Policy 18, 2 (2011): 136-147. Pilisuk, Marc. Rountree Jeniffer and Pellegrini Gianina. Playing the imperial game: the mindset behind the attack on Iraq. Peace Research 40, 2 (2008): 39-59,112. Roshandel,Jalil and Nathan Chapman.2011. Iran, Israel, and the United States: Regime Security vs. Political Legitimacy. New York: ABC-CLIO. Slackman, Michael. 2011. â€Å"Arab Unrest Propels Iran as Saudi Influence Declines.† The New York Times,p. 123-8. Web. Ulrichsen, Kristian. Internal and external security in the Arab Gulf States. Middle East Policy 16, 2 (2009): 39-58. Footn otes 1. Etzioni Amitai. â€Å"Shifting Sands.† The Journal of International Security Affairs. (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2011) 2.. Boucek, Christopher and Karim Sadjadpour. Rivals- Iran vs. Saudi Arabia. Sada,(Chicago: University of Chicago, 2011) 3. Ibid., p. 110 4. Ulrichsen, Kristian. Internal and external security in the Arab Gulf States. Middle East Policy 16, 2 (2009): 39-58. 5.Ibid., p. 40 6. Oktav, Zeynep. The gulf states and Iran: a Turkish perspective. Middle East Policy 18, 2 (2011): 136-147. 7.Ibid., p.138 8. Maloney, Suzanne. 2011. â€Å"Iran.† In The Arab Awakening: America and the Transformation of the Middle East, ed. Kenneth M Pollack, 258-267. New York: Brookings Institution Press. 9. Ulrichsen, Kristian. Internal and external security in the Arab Gulf States. Middle East Policy 16, 2 (2009): 39-58. 10. Ulrichsen, Kristian. Internal and external security in the Arab Gulf States. Middle East Policy 16, 2 (2009): 39-58. 11. Edelman, Eric. The dang ers of a nuclear Iran: The limits of containment. Foreign Affairs (Chicago: University of Chicago), 66-81. 12 Ibid., p. 81 13.Ibid., p.69 14. Ibid., p.58 15.Ibid., p. 70 16.Ibid., p. 80 17. Kvale, Steinar. Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks California: Sage Publications (1996). 18. Ulrichsen, Kristian. Internal and external security in the Arab Gulf States. Middle East Policy 16, 2 (2009): 39-58. 19.Ibid., p.58 20. Nasri, Vali and Takeyh, Ray. The Costs of Containing Iran; Washingtons Misguided New Middle East Policy. Foreign Affairs 87, 1 (2008): 85-94. 21.Ibid., p. 86 22.Ibid., p. 90 23. Maloney, Suzanne. 2011. â€Å"Iran.† In The Arab Awakening: America and the Transformation of the Middle East, ed. Kenneth M Pollack, 258-267. New York: Brookings Institution Press. 24.Ibid., p. 259 25. Garrison, Jean and Ahad Abdurahmonov. â€Å"Explaining the Central Asian energy game: Complex interdependence and how small states influence the ir big neighbors.† Asian Perspective 35 (July-September 2011): 381-405. 26. Fransen, Herman. ABU DHABI-Abu Dhabi: oil and beyond. The Middle East Journal 63, 4 (2009): 668-669 27.Ibid., p. 668 28.Ibid., p. 669 29.Ibid., p. 668 30. Roshandel,Jalil and Nathan Chapman.2011. Iran, Israel, and the United States: Regime Security Vs. Political Legitimacy. New York: ABC-CLIO. 31. Kvale, Steinar. Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks California: Sage Publications (1996).

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